The Global Conflict Of The United Nations - 1551 Words

Following the bloodiest global conflict humankind has ever witnessed, the world’s greatest powers sought to form a global institution which would prevent a future occurrence of this kind. On October 24th of 1945, a month and a half after WWII’s end, that vision came into existence under the establishment of the â€Å"United Nations†. Within its mutually established manifesto designed by its 51 founding member states, the UN Charter (which was ratified a few months prior in June at the United Nations Conference on International Organization) solemnly declared the United Nations commitment â€Å"to maintain international peace and security†¦ in conformity with the principles of justice and international law† (UN Charter, 1945). The UN would continue to†¦show more content†¦In 1993, a ceasefire between Juvenal Habyarimana’s government and the RTF was reached during the â€Å"Arusha Accords† in Tanzania, which included the support o f the United Nations peacekeeping mission called the UNAMIR, comprising of 2 548 personnel led by Romeo D’Allaire (NSA, 2014). This quasi-ceasefire took a turn for the worst on April 6 1994, when Habyarimana’s airplane was shot down by extremists (their affiliation is unknown). The following day would mark the beginning of a Hutu extremist led genocide of minority Tutsis and moderate Hutus. UNAMIR was rendered to minimal effectiveness once the killings began, as Chapter VI of the UN Charter limited UNAMIR to a strict mandate of assistance with a reduced force of 270 personnel, following resolution 912 from the UN Security Council (UNAMIR, 1999). By the time the Security Council decided to reinforce D’Allaire’s force with 5 500 more troops in May via resolution 918, the estimated number of casualties had already reached 500 000. While D’Allaire’s forces were able to save 32 000 Rwandans from an imminent death, 1 000 000 had perished at the ha nds of the CDR and Interahamwe by the end of the war in July 1994, including 70% of the Rwandan Tutsi population (ICRC, 2004). ***ONE MORE SENTENCE***This unfortunate event of needlessShow MoreRelatedThe World War II And The Cold War1199 Words   |  5 PagesWar between the economically powerful United States and the politically frightening Soviet Union. This post World War II Imperialism divided the world into three positions which, created the battle ground for the Cold War quest for territorial supremacy and illustrated the failure of the United Nations. 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New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, which comprises ofRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis1690 Words   |  7 PagesConflict of political ideologies is something that was present since the dawn of American history. The American revolt against the arrogant, totalitarian regime set a precedent for the future events in which the nation came together to oppose anything that went against the concept of democracy, and capitalism. Communism, or Marxism posed as a huge threat to the free mined Western societies, thus resulting in world wars that left perilous aftermaths, and bred an ongoing conflict between the two globalRead Mo reEuropean Security Strategy804 Words   |  4 PagesThe establishment of the European Union (EU) solidified a united political, economic, and defensive front creating a Supranational Organization (Lucas, 1999, no page). 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Hamlet William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 991 Words

Lucille Cousin November 10, 2014 APLA 12 - Hamlet Character Analysis William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, regarded as one his most famous plays, is based on the story of the Hamlet, the â€Å"Dark† Prince of Denmark. The protagonist, being Hamlet, is an extremely complex man with such a multi-dimensional personality that to this day, critics struggle to understand him. Each reader is left to decide his/her own interpretation of him — whether he is evil and insane, if he’s a tragic hero, or if he is a victim of circumstances beyond his control. A man of radical contradictions, Hamlet’s character remains one of the most ambiguous in American literature. One interpretation is that Hamlet’s inner turmoil is responsible for his insanity. Shattered by†¦show more content†¦As the play unfolds, his deteriorating state-of-mind becomes increasingly noticeable. Once Hamlet has dedicated himself to avenging his father’s death, others find it difficult to understand him. For example, in response to one of Hamletà ¢â‚¬â„¢s comments, Polonius exclaims, â€Å"How pregnant sometimes his replies are!† (II, ii, 226-227). For many, his bursts of intemperate actions such as murdering Polonius in Act 3 is what throws his sanity into question. On the other hand, it is important to consider Hamlet’s philosophical and reflective nature. How is a man as insane as he is able to contemplate difficult situations with such depth? Claiming that Hamlet is insane, therefore, is too easy a justification for his actions. In accord to G. G. Gervinius, Hamlet can also be interpreted as the hero of Denmark who grows increasingly paralyzed by the brutality and corruption that surrounds him. Hamlet, however, is no superman. He has doubts, uncertainties, and is neither perfect nor simple. To take the life of a man only requires the nerve of an assassin, but to avenge the death of a late king and father needs tact, patience, and wisdom. Hamlet knew well that his nation was already preparing to resist an at tack from Norway, so with heroic self-control and selflessness, he avoided doing anything that would encourage the enemy. Moreover, Hamlet was determined to be sure of Claudius’s guilt

Unit Three †Marketing P3 Free Essays

Marketing Research Market research indicates decisions made by a business, in this case Tesco, by helping the decision makers understand undercurrents of its market. This process involves research done on customers, competitors and the overall marketing environment. For example, when Tesco is promoting a product, they need to know the likes and dislikes of their targeted consumers in order to target the correct market successfully. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit Three – Marketing P3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now They would also be required to research about their competitors, to find out if by any chance they offered a product that was similar, and how they would differentiate their product from it. Also, as an overall, they would be required to research the environment of the market, as well as the size of their target market, in order to decide how they are going to offer the product to the consumers. Example: sold in store, online, or both. Primary and Secondary Research There are two types of research: †¢Primary Research †¢Secondary Research Information for these types of research can be done internally – within the organization, or externally, from another organization or source of information outside the organization, in this case Tesco. When information or data is gathered for a certain purpose and has not been gathered before is known is primary research. Internal primary research data source could consist of: †¢The business’s sales figures of products †¢A central database holding customer data External primary research data source could consist of: †¢Various questionnaires and surveys †¢A variety of focus groups and interviews †¢Observation techniques When data or information that has been collected before, either internally or externally, is used for research is known as secondary research. Another name for secondary research is ‘desk research’. Internal secondary research data source could consist of: †¢Sales and regional reports †¢Market research gathered in the past External secondary research data source could consist of: †¢Websites and trade journals †¢Newspapers and books †¢Public reports †¢Census data †¢Industry reports For business like Tesco that operate in many different fields, secondary research is more cost-effective, before they decide to conduct primary research. This allows Tesco to have a better understanding of the market, as well as recognize any major obstacles before conducting expensive research. Secondary research also allows them to make assumptions based on similar products and therefore, once primary research is conducted, it can be used against the assumptions to evaluate and compare. This will help indicate how much primary research they are required to do and therefore they don’t end up doing too much that is not required. However, Tesco is required to take the limitation of secondary research into consideration: †¢The information may be outdated †¢The information may be biased in order to promote particular causes †¢The methods used to collect the research may be unreliable. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Research methods can be qualitative, quantitive or can include both methods. Well-planned market research consists of both methods in order to result with a good combination of information revealing different things about the same market. Qualitative research is one-sided and normally unrestricted. It normally is gathered through interviews with customers or focus groups and therefore result in a wide range of research based on personal experiences and feelings. A qualitative question allows the individual go give a broad answer and not based against options. Qualitative research can be used to: †¢Find the perceptions of customers about an organization or brand. †¢Discover how changes in price and other factors affect customers and spending decisions. †¢Explore customer preference, interests and other factors. Quantitative research involves numbers and figures that can be examined mathematically or graphically. This may consist of sales figures, market values, etc. , as well as responses from customers on questionnaires. This is only categorized as quantitative research if the responses from the customers a chosen from series of answers provided on the questionnaire. The difference between quantitative and qualitative research: QuantitativeQualitative ObjectiveSubjective Tests theoryDevelops theory Concise and narrowComplex and broad Measurable Interpretive Basic analysis: NumbersBasic analysis: words and ideas Logical and reasonableDialectic Establishes relationshipsDescribes meaning Experimental settingNatural setting Uses of marketing research The information collected for market research prevents businesses like Tesco making wrong business decisions. If the product designer for Tesco progresses a new product without market research, then the business is not moving forward on reliable sources and therefore are unaware if customers are interested in the product or not. This indicates, effective market research improves the chances of success and reduces the risks. Tesco’s can also measure progress effectively over time. This can be done by, carrying out market research, to found out the awareness of the product before managing national advertising campaigns. Once they have conducted the research, they can put their national advertising campaigns into action and again conduct research and compare the two. Therefore, this indicates, market research can be used to measure progress as well as the effects of marketing activities. Limitations of market research – costs, effectiveness and validity of data collected Weather market research is done at a small or large scale, any time is required to be performed accurately and appropriately otherwise it gives irrelevant results. All market research conducted has the chances of being wrong no matter how well controlled and planned. There are various reasons why market research may not provide accurate or good results but a usual problem is deciding whether the research conducted really measures what it claims to be measuring. Marketers for Tesco are required to decide how reliable the information they have obtained is. Also they need to take into consideration, if the research contained had different respondents or different set of data points, would the results be similar. Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid. The difference between reliability and validity: †¢Reliability guesses the point to which an tool processes the same way each time it is used in under the same conditions with the same subjects. †¢Validity involves the point of accuracy of your measurement. For organizations like Tesco’s, validity is considered more important than reliability because if a process does not precisely measure what it is supposed to, there is no use of it and therefore it being reliable is useless. Costs are also an essential consideration for Tesco when carrying out market research, as they are required to take into consideration if they money spent is worth the research undertaken and its potential benefits to the product, as well as the organization. A lot of time, effort and money can be spent on market research and in the end the solution discovered might not be worth implementing. How to cite Unit Three – Marketing P3, Papers

Kudler Fine Foods free essay sample

Organizational Behavior University of Phoenix Kudler Fine Foods is a local upscale specialty food store in the San Diego metropolitan area. The company has locations at La Jolla, Del Mar, and Encinitas. Kathy Kudler is the founder and President of the company. The organizational behavior aspects of Kudler Fine Foods will be examined and explored specifically in regard to its apparent organizational culture, organizational structure, impact of leadership, and causal agents that could effect organizational change. Apparent Culture at Kudler Fine Foods â€Å"Organizational culture is a system of shared values, assumptions, beliefs, and norms that unite the members of an organization† (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002, chap. 5, p. 108). An organization’s culture can be described in three levels – visible culture, espoused values, and core beliefs (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002). Kudlers organizational culture will be examined in terms of these three levels. The first level consists of visible culture. That is, what an observer can hear, feel, or see (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002). At Kudler Fine Foods the organization requires that its employees should be clean, well groomed, and wear appropriate clothes, including uniforms (Kudler Fine Foods, N. D. ). A neat and clean appearance is the primary manner in which the visible culture of Kudler Fine Foods is expressed. No less important is the appearance of Kudlers stores, which are designed in such a way that conveys the sophistication of its specialized products aimed at a discerning consumer populace. The second level consists of espoused values which â€Å"are not readily observed but instead are the way managers and employees explain and justify their actions and decisions† (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002, chap. 5, p. 109). At Kudler Fine Foods this second level of organizational culture is expressed by managements belief that the conditions, wages, and benefits offered to employees are competitive with those offered by other employers in the area. The organization also encourages its employees if they have concerns about conditions or compensation to express these openly and directly to their supervisors or store manager. The last level is core beliefs which are organizational attitudes that â€Å"are widely shared, that operate unconsciously, and that are considered nonnegotiable† (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002, chap. 5, p. 109). Kudler Fine Foods core beliefs are that customers are very important and employees should be courteous, friendly, prompt, and helpful. Employees are expected to dress appropriately and are encouraged to express opinions and concerns openly. The organizations basic assumption is that creativity and innovation are critical for success. Employees are given freedom and responsibility and managers are expected to delegate important tasks to subordinates. Employees are encouraged to work together and communication is the key to success. Organizational Structure of Kudler Fine Foods â€Å"Organization structure is a formal system of relationships that determines lines of authority (who reports to whom) and the tasks assigned to individuals and units (who does what task and with which department). The vertical dimension of organization structure indicates who has the authority to make decisions and who is expected to supervise which subordinates. The horizontal dimension is the basis for dividing work into specific jobs and tasks and assigning jobs into units such as departments or teams† (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002, chap. 10, p. 232). There are several elements of the vertical dimension which include the unity of command, authority, responsibility, and accountability, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002). The three approaches of the horizontal dimension are functional, divisional, and matrix (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002) . Every organization whether it is big or small has some form of organizational structure because without it a company would be unable to operate effectively. Kudler Fine Foods is a small company that operates in three different locations. Each location has a store manager and the structure of the stores is divided into departments. Four department managers oversee their corresponding department assistants and floor associates. The primary organizational structure trait at Kudler Fine Foods is the horizontal dimension. The daily work of Kudler Fine Foods is clearly divided by the tasks performed and those tasks are then subdivided into appropriate task-related departments. The President, Kathy Kudler, is the final decision maker, however she does allow her staff to make some major decisions within their designated store locations and departments. Because Kudler offers a variety of products and services to their customers, Kathy Kudler demonstrates the divisional approach of the horizontal dimension throughout her organization. The departments are separated into sections and those who specialize in that particular area are placed in the appropriate department. The Influence of Leadership at Kudler Fine Foods The leadership style at Kudler is autocratic with most of the decisions made by the President, Kathy Kudler. The President has developed the vertical dimension of the organization to a point where she personally makes most of the decisions up and down the chain of command. This is shown in the 2003 strategic plan where the risk assessment and mitigation strategy indicates that the founders health is one of highest risks to the corporation (Kudler Fine Foods, N. D. ). The lack of a unified purchasing system and Kathy Kudlers control over every purchase is additional proof of the autocratic style of leadership. Kathy Kudler has an emotional tie to the power structure at the store. This is evidenced by the manner in which legal decisions are made for the corporation. Ms. Kudler has the final say on every incident as to whether it will go to her lawyer or not. The store managers have some authority in determining the severity of the incident, however there is a flexible informal decision line that is blurry. The result is that Ms. Kudler makes most of the legal decisions. In addition, the attorney for the company is Kathy Kudlers sister-in-law who specializes in tax accounting. The personal tie and close association with a decision maker who does not specialize in the type of law needed by the corporation shows the Presidents tendency to keep decisions about the company personal. The vertical silo of authority at Kudler Fine Foods has worked well for the company while it has remained small. The last store to be brought online is the most underperforming store which could be a symptom of Kathy Kudler reaching the limit of her span of control (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2002). Furthermore, the comment in the strategic plan that highly paid employees are compensated by allowing them to take home excess food and how staff leaving have a direct effect on productivity shows an unstable workforce (Kudler Fine Foods, N. D. ). The communications from the support staff show an openness to approach Kathy Kudler with questions, ideas, and concerns. The communications between employees also show a willingness to solicit ideas for problem solving. This style of management and problem solving engages the employees in decision-making, but does not give them the authority to make decisions. This suggests a relationship-oriented leadership style. Ms. Kudlers main relation to line staff at each store is in hiring and firing. The relational disconnect between decision makers and line staff is probably a source of tension at Kudler Fine Foods. Potential Change Events at Kudler Fine Foods There are numerous internal and external factors driving change at Kudler Fine Foods. Many of the risks to Kudler Fine Foods are outlined in the 2003 strategic plan. The strategic plan shows that the threat of competition from existing or new entry stores has not yet been a major factor in the company’s development and the ability to obtain supplies is not a major risk to the corporation. The local economy surrounding some of the stores has caused difficulty with sales and retaining qualified staff. The threat of environmental cataclysm remains a possibility, but it is a threat to competitors as well (Kudler Fine Foods, N. D. ). Therefore, the external factors’ driving the growth of the organization is the economy and human capital. Within Kudler Fine Foods, there are many internal driving factors for change. The first is the analysis that the intern has completed. The suggestions made from this internal audit will be given directly to the owner of the corporation. The second is solving the staffing situation. The ecognized problem with retaining and hiring qualified staff is a critical issue for the organization. The ability to solve this problem is going to create change in the way that business is done at Kudler Fine Foods. The next motivating factor for change is continued growth. The problem with not having a unified purchasing system and a centralized power structure is going to drive a more structured power scheme within Kudler Fine Foods. This is going to move som e of the decision-making away from the center and may result in a team-based focus. Using Fiedler’s contingency-based model in conjunction with Ms. Kudlers relationship oriented leadership style would be one of the best possible solutions for Kudler Fine Foods continued growth. Conclusion Kudler Fine Foods is a small business that specializes in a niche product and geographical market. Because of the relatively small scope of Kudler Fine Foods operations, an intimate, extremely vertical control can be exerted by Kathy Kudler, who is, essentially, the only member of senior management. However, the future growth of her company may very well necessitate the implementation of a more team-based approach to daily operational management decisions as well as a more consultative manner in which to make strategic decisions. In order for Kudler Fine Foods to expand more efficiently, Ms. Kudler will need to adopt a more detached managerial tact.